Common materials include wood pulp (from trees), recycled paper, and sometimes non-wood fibers like cotton or hemp.

Quality is monitored through various tests measuring brightness, opacity, strength, smoothness, and other paper properties.

This includes the type of raw material, the pulping process, additives used, and finishing techniques.

Paper mills focus on recycling water, recovering fibers, and using byproducts (like lignin) for energy or other applications.

Regulations cover air emissions, water discharge, waste disposal, and energy use.

Measures include improving energy efficiency, reducing water consumption, using sustainably sourced fibers, and minimizing waste.

Focus areas are sustainable forestry, increased recycling, and developing eco-friendly manufacturing processes.

Grades range from newsprint and tissue to printing papers, packaging boards, and specialty papers.